| CVE |
Vendors |
Products |
Updated |
CVSS v3.1 |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
scsi: pm8001: Fix tag leaks on error
In pm8001_chip_set_dev_state_req(), pm8001_chip_fw_flash_update_req(),
pm80xx_chip_phy_ctl_req() and pm8001_chip_reg_dev_req() add missing calls
to pm8001_tag_free() to free the allocated tag when pm8001_mpi_build_cmd()
fails.
Similarly, in pm8001_exec_internal_task_abort(), if the chip ->task_abort
method fails, the tag allocated for the abort request task must be
freed. Add the missing call to pm8001_tag_free(). |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
scsi: pm8001: Fix task leak in pm8001_send_abort_all()
In pm8001_send_abort_all(), make sure to free the allocated sas task
if pm8001_tag_alloc() or pm8001_mpi_build_cmd() fail. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
scsi: pm8001: Fix memory leak in pm8001_chip_fw_flash_update_req()
In pm8001_chip_fw_flash_update_build(), if
pm8001_chip_fw_flash_update_build() fails, the struct fw_control_ex
allocated must be freed. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
NFSv4.2: fix reference count leaks in _nfs42_proc_copy_notify()
[You don't often get email from xiongx18@fudan.edu.cn. Learn why this is important at http://aka.ms/LearnAboutSenderIdentification.]
The reference counting issue happens in two error paths in the
function _nfs42_proc_copy_notify(). In both error paths, the function
simply returns the error code and forgets to balance the refcount of
object `ctx`, bumped by get_nfs_open_context() earlier, which may
cause refcount leaks.
Fix it by balancing refcount of the `ctx` object before the function
returns in both error paths. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
net: ieee802154: at86rf230: Stop leaking skb's
Upon error the ieee802154_xmit_complete() helper is not called. Only
ieee802154_wake_queue() is called manually. In the Tx case we then leak
the skb structure.
Free the skb structure upon error before returning when appropriate.
As the 'is_tx = 0' cannot be moved in the complete handler because of a
possible race between the delay in switching to STATE_RX_AACK_ON and a
new interrupt, we introduce an intermediate 'was_tx' boolean just for
this purpose.
There is no Fixes tag applying here, many changes have been made on this
area and the issue kind of always existed. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
KVM: x86: Forcibly leave nested virt when SMM state is toggled
Forcibly leave nested virtualization operation if userspace toggles SMM
state via KVM_SET_VCPU_EVENTS or KVM_SYNC_X86_EVENTS. If userspace
forces the vCPU out of SMM while it's post-VMXON and then injects an SMI,
vmx_enter_smm() will overwrite vmx->nested.smm.vmxon and end up with both
vmxon=false and smm.vmxon=false, but all other nVMX state allocated.
Don't attempt to gracefully handle the transition as (a) most transitions
are nonsencial, e.g. forcing SMM while L2 is running, (b) there isn't
sufficient information to handle all transitions, e.g. SVM wants access
to the SMRAM save state, and (c) KVM_SET_VCPU_EVENTS must precede
KVM_SET_NESTED_STATE during state restore as the latter disallows putting
the vCPU into L2 if SMM is active, and disallows tagging the vCPU as
being post-VMXON in SMM if SMM is not active.
Abuse of KVM_SET_VCPU_EVENTS manifests as a WARN and memory leak in nVMX
due to failure to free vmcs01's shadow VMCS, but the bug goes far beyond
just a memory leak, e.g. toggling SMM on while L2 is active puts the vCPU
in an architecturally impossible state.
WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 3606 at free_loaded_vmcs arch/x86/kvm/vmx/vmx.c:2665 [inline]
WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 3606 at free_loaded_vmcs+0x158/0x1a0 arch/x86/kvm/vmx/vmx.c:2656
Modules linked in:
CPU: 1 PID: 3606 Comm: syz-executor725 Not tainted 5.17.0-rc1-syzkaller #0
Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 01/01/2011
RIP: 0010:free_loaded_vmcs arch/x86/kvm/vmx/vmx.c:2665 [inline]
RIP: 0010:free_loaded_vmcs+0x158/0x1a0 arch/x86/kvm/vmx/vmx.c:2656
Code: <0f> 0b eb b3 e8 8f 4d 9f 00 e9 f7 fe ff ff 48 89 df e8 92 4d 9f 00
Call Trace:
<TASK>
kvm_arch_vcpu_destroy+0x72/0x2f0 arch/x86/kvm/x86.c:11123
kvm_vcpu_destroy arch/x86/kvm/../../../virt/kvm/kvm_main.c:441 [inline]
kvm_destroy_vcpus+0x11f/0x290 arch/x86/kvm/../../../virt/kvm/kvm_main.c:460
kvm_free_vcpus arch/x86/kvm/x86.c:11564 [inline]
kvm_arch_destroy_vm+0x2e8/0x470 arch/x86/kvm/x86.c:11676
kvm_destroy_vm arch/x86/kvm/../../../virt/kvm/kvm_main.c:1217 [inline]
kvm_put_kvm+0x4fa/0xb00 arch/x86/kvm/../../../virt/kvm/kvm_main.c:1250
kvm_vm_release+0x3f/0x50 arch/x86/kvm/../../../virt/kvm/kvm_main.c:1273
__fput+0x286/0x9f0 fs/file_table.c:311
task_work_run+0xdd/0x1a0 kernel/task_work.c:164
exit_task_work include/linux/task_work.h:32 [inline]
do_exit+0xb29/0x2a30 kernel/exit.c:806
do_group_exit+0xd2/0x2f0 kernel/exit.c:935
get_signal+0x4b0/0x28c0 kernel/signal.c:2862
arch_do_signal_or_restart+0x2a9/0x1c40 arch/x86/kernel/signal.c:868
handle_signal_work kernel/entry/common.c:148 [inline]
exit_to_user_mode_loop kernel/entry/common.c:172 [inline]
exit_to_user_mode_prepare+0x17d/0x290 kernel/entry/common.c:207
__syscall_exit_to_user_mode_work kernel/entry/common.c:289 [inline]
syscall_exit_to_user_mode+0x19/0x60 kernel/entry/common.c:300
do_syscall_64+0x42/0xb0 arch/x86/entry/common.c:86
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xae
</TASK> |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
vdpa: ifcvf: Do proper cleanup if IFCVF init fails
ifcvf_mgmt_dev leaks memory if it is not freed before
returning. Call is made to correct return statement
so memory does not leak. ifcvf_init_hw does not take
care of this so it is needed to do it here. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
raid10: cleanup memleak at raid10_make_request
If raid10_read_request or raid10_write_request registers a new
request and the REQ_NOWAIT flag is set, the code does not
free the malloc from the mempool.
unreferenced object 0xffff8884802c3200 (size 192):
comm "fio", pid 9197, jiffies 4298078271
hex dump (first 32 bytes):
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 88 41 02 00 00 00 00 00 .........A......
08 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
backtrace (crc c1a049a2):
__kmalloc+0x2bb/0x450
mempool_alloc+0x11b/0x320
raid10_make_request+0x19e/0x650 [raid10]
md_handle_request+0x3b3/0x9e0
__submit_bio+0x394/0x560
__submit_bio_noacct+0x145/0x530
submit_bio_noacct_nocheck+0x682/0x830
__blkdev_direct_IO_async+0x4dc/0x6b0
blkdev_read_iter+0x1e5/0x3b0
__io_read+0x230/0x1110
io_read+0x13/0x30
io_issue_sqe+0x134/0x1180
io_submit_sqes+0x48c/0xe90
__do_sys_io_uring_enter+0x574/0x8b0
do_syscall_64+0x5c/0xe0
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x76/0x7e
V4: changing backing tree to see if CKI tests will pass.
The patch code has not changed between any versions. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
netlink: Fix wraparounds of sk->sk_rmem_alloc.
Netlink has this pattern in some places
if (atomic_read(&sk->sk_rmem_alloc) > sk->sk_rcvbuf)
atomic_add(skb->truesize, &sk->sk_rmem_alloc);
, which has the same problem fixed by commit 5a465a0da13e ("udp:
Fix multiple wraparounds of sk->sk_rmem_alloc.").
For example, if we set INT_MAX to SO_RCVBUFFORCE, the condition
is always false as the two operands are of int.
Then, a single socket can eat as many skb as possible until OOM
happens, and we can see multiple wraparounds of sk->sk_rmem_alloc.
Let's fix it by using atomic_add_return() and comparing the two
variables as unsigned int.
Before:
[root@fedora ~]# ss -f netlink
Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
-1668710080 0 rtnl:nl_wraparound/293 *
After:
[root@fedora ~]# ss -f netlink
Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
2147483072 0 rtnl:nl_wraparound/290 *
^
`--- INT_MAX - 576 |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
swiotlb: fix info leak with DMA_FROM_DEVICE
The problem I'm addressing was discovered by the LTP test covering
cve-2018-1000204.
A short description of what happens follows:
1) The test case issues a command code 00 (TEST UNIT READY) via the SG_IO
interface with: dxfer_len == 524288, dxdfer_dir == SG_DXFER_FROM_DEV
and a corresponding dxferp. The peculiar thing about this is that TUR
is not reading from the device.
2) In sg_start_req() the invocation of blk_rq_map_user() effectively
bounces the user-space buffer. As if the device was to transfer into
it. Since commit a45b599ad808 ("scsi: sg: allocate with __GFP_ZERO in
sg_build_indirect()") we make sure this first bounce buffer is
allocated with GFP_ZERO.
3) For the rest of the story we keep ignoring that we have a TUR, so the
device won't touch the buffer we prepare as if the we had a
DMA_FROM_DEVICE type of situation. My setup uses a virtio-scsi device
and the buffer allocated by SG is mapped by the function
virtqueue_add_split() which uses DMA_FROM_DEVICE for the "in" sgs (here
scatter-gather and not scsi generics). This mapping involves bouncing
via the swiotlb (we need swiotlb to do virtio in protected guest like
s390 Secure Execution, or AMD SEV).
4) When the SCSI TUR is done, we first copy back the content of the second
(that is swiotlb) bounce buffer (which most likely contains some
previous IO data), to the first bounce buffer, which contains all
zeros. Then we copy back the content of the first bounce buffer to
the user-space buffer.
5) The test case detects that the buffer, which it zero-initialized,
ain't all zeros and fails.
One can argue that this is an swiotlb problem, because without swiotlb
we leak all zeros, and the swiotlb should be transparent in a sense that
it does not affect the outcome (if all other participants are well
behaved).
Copying the content of the original buffer into the swiotlb buffer is
the only way I can think of to make swiotlb transparent in such
scenarios. So let's do just that if in doubt, but allow the driver
to tell us that the whole mapped buffer is going to be overwritten,
in which case we can preserve the old behavior and avoid the performance
impact of the extra bounce. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
crypto: sun8i-ce-cipher - fix error handling in sun8i_ce_cipher_prepare()
Fix two DMA cleanup issues on the error path in sun8i_ce_cipher_prepare():
1] If dma_map_sg() fails for areq->dst, the device driver would try to free
DMA memory it has not allocated in the first place. To fix this, on the
"theend_sgs" error path, call dma unmap only if the corresponding dma
map was successful.
2] If the dma_map_single() call for the IV fails, the device driver would
try to free an invalid DMA memory address on the "theend_iv" path:
------------[ cut here ]------------
DMA-API: sun8i-ce 1904000.crypto: device driver tries to free an invalid DMA memory address
WARNING: CPU: 2 PID: 69 at kernel/dma/debug.c:968 check_unmap+0x123c/0x1b90
Modules linked in: skcipher_example(O+)
CPU: 2 UID: 0 PID: 69 Comm: 1904000.crypto- Tainted: G O 6.15.0-rc3+ #24 PREEMPT
Tainted: [O]=OOT_MODULE
Hardware name: OrangePi Zero2 (DT)
pc : check_unmap+0x123c/0x1b90
lr : check_unmap+0x123c/0x1b90
...
Call trace:
check_unmap+0x123c/0x1b90 (P)
debug_dma_unmap_page+0xac/0xc0
dma_unmap_page_attrs+0x1f4/0x5fc
sun8i_ce_cipher_do_one+0x1bd4/0x1f40
crypto_pump_work+0x334/0x6e0
kthread_worker_fn+0x21c/0x438
kthread+0x374/0x664
ret_from_fork+0x10/0x20
---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]---
To fix this, check for !dma_mapping_error() before calling
dma_unmap_single() on the "theend_iv" path. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
net: phy: mscc: Fix memory leak when using one step timestamping
Fix memory leak when running one-step timestamping. When running
one-step sync timestamping, the HW is configured to insert the TX time
into the frame, so there is no reason to keep the skb anymore. As in
this case the HW will never generate an interrupt to say that the frame
was timestamped, then the frame will never released.
Fix this by freeing the frame in case of one-step timestamping. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
bpf, sockmap: Fix panic when calling skb_linearize
The panic can be reproduced by executing the command:
./bench sockmap -c 2 -p 1 -a --rx-verdict-ingress --rx-strp 100000
Then a kernel panic was captured:
'''
[ 657.460555] kernel BUG at net/core/skbuff.c:2178!
[ 657.462680] Tainted: [W]=WARN
[ 657.463287] Workqueue: events sk_psock_backlog
...
[ 657.469610] <TASK>
[ 657.469738] ? die+0x36/0x90
[ 657.469916] ? do_trap+0x1d0/0x270
[ 657.470118] ? pskb_expand_head+0x612/0xf40
[ 657.470376] ? pskb_expand_head+0x612/0xf40
[ 657.470620] ? do_error_trap+0xa3/0x170
[ 657.470846] ? pskb_expand_head+0x612/0xf40
[ 657.471092] ? handle_invalid_op+0x2c/0x40
[ 657.471335] ? pskb_expand_head+0x612/0xf40
[ 657.471579] ? exc_invalid_op+0x2d/0x40
[ 657.471805] ? asm_exc_invalid_op+0x1a/0x20
[ 657.472052] ? pskb_expand_head+0xd1/0xf40
[ 657.472292] ? pskb_expand_head+0x612/0xf40
[ 657.472540] ? lock_acquire+0x18f/0x4e0
[ 657.472766] ? find_held_lock+0x2d/0x110
[ 657.472999] ? __pfx_pskb_expand_head+0x10/0x10
[ 657.473263] ? __kmalloc_cache_noprof+0x5b/0x470
[ 657.473537] ? __pfx___lock_release.isra.0+0x10/0x10
[ 657.473826] __pskb_pull_tail+0xfd/0x1d20
[ 657.474062] ? __kasan_slab_alloc+0x4e/0x90
[ 657.474707] sk_psock_skb_ingress_enqueue+0x3bf/0x510
[ 657.475392] ? __kasan_kmalloc+0xaa/0xb0
[ 657.476010] sk_psock_backlog+0x5cf/0xd70
[ 657.476637] process_one_work+0x858/0x1a20
'''
The panic originates from the assertion BUG_ON(skb_shared(skb)) in
skb_linearize(). A previous commit(see Fixes tag) introduced skb_get()
to avoid race conditions between skb operations in the backlog and skb
release in the recvmsg path. However, this caused the panic to always
occur when skb_linearize is executed.
The "--rx-strp 100000" parameter forces the RX path to use the strparser
module which aggregates data until it reaches 100KB before calling sockmap
logic. The 100KB payload exceeds MAX_MSG_FRAGS, triggering skb_linearize.
To fix this issue, just move skb_get into sk_psock_skb_ingress_enqueue.
'''
sk_psock_backlog:
sk_psock_handle_skb
skb_get(skb) <== we move it into 'sk_psock_skb_ingress_enqueue'
sk_psock_skb_ingress____________
↓
|
| → sk_psock_skb_ingress_self
| sk_psock_skb_ingress_enqueue
sk_psock_verdict_apply_________________↑ skb_linearize
'''
Note that for verdict_apply path, the skb_get operation is unnecessary so
we add 'take_ref' param to control it's behavior. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
atm: atmtcp: Free invalid length skb in atmtcp_c_send().
syzbot reported the splat below. [0]
vcc_sendmsg() copies data passed from userspace to skb and passes
it to vcc->dev->ops->send().
atmtcp_c_send() accesses skb->data as struct atmtcp_hdr after
checking if skb->len is 0, but it's not enough.
Also, when skb->len == 0, skb and sk (vcc) were leaked because
dev_kfree_skb() is not called and sk_wmem_alloc adjustment is missing
to revert atm_account_tx() in vcc_sendmsg(), which is expected
to be done in atm_pop_raw().
Let's properly free skb with an invalid length in atmtcp_c_send().
[0]:
BUG: KMSAN: uninit-value in atmtcp_c_send+0x255/0xed0 drivers/atm/atmtcp.c:294
atmtcp_c_send+0x255/0xed0 drivers/atm/atmtcp.c:294
vcc_sendmsg+0xd7c/0xff0 net/atm/common.c:644
sock_sendmsg_nosec net/socket.c:712 [inline]
__sock_sendmsg+0x330/0x3d0 net/socket.c:727
____sys_sendmsg+0x7e0/0xd80 net/socket.c:2566
___sys_sendmsg+0x271/0x3b0 net/socket.c:2620
__sys_sendmsg net/socket.c:2652 [inline]
__do_sys_sendmsg net/socket.c:2657 [inline]
__se_sys_sendmsg net/socket.c:2655 [inline]
__x64_sys_sendmsg+0x211/0x3e0 net/socket.c:2655
x64_sys_call+0x32fb/0x3db0 arch/x86/include/generated/asm/syscalls_64.h:47
do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:63 [inline]
do_syscall_64+0xd9/0x210 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:94
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f
Uninit was created at:
slab_post_alloc_hook mm/slub.c:4154 [inline]
slab_alloc_node mm/slub.c:4197 [inline]
kmem_cache_alloc_node_noprof+0x818/0xf00 mm/slub.c:4249
kmalloc_reserve+0x13c/0x4b0 net/core/skbuff.c:579
__alloc_skb+0x347/0x7d0 net/core/skbuff.c:670
alloc_skb include/linux/skbuff.h:1336 [inline]
vcc_sendmsg+0xb40/0xff0 net/atm/common.c:628
sock_sendmsg_nosec net/socket.c:712 [inline]
__sock_sendmsg+0x330/0x3d0 net/socket.c:727
____sys_sendmsg+0x7e0/0xd80 net/socket.c:2566
___sys_sendmsg+0x271/0x3b0 net/socket.c:2620
__sys_sendmsg net/socket.c:2652 [inline]
__do_sys_sendmsg net/socket.c:2657 [inline]
__se_sys_sendmsg net/socket.c:2655 [inline]
__x64_sys_sendmsg+0x211/0x3e0 net/socket.c:2655
x64_sys_call+0x32fb/0x3db0 arch/x86/include/generated/asm/syscalls_64.h:47
do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:63 [inline]
do_syscall_64+0xd9/0x210 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:94
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f
CPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 5798 Comm: syz-executor192 Not tainted 6.16.0-rc1-syzkaller-00010-g2c4a1f3fe03e #0 PREEMPT(undef)
Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 05/07/2025 |
| A flaw was found in the GNU C Library. A recent fix for CVE-2023-4806 introduced the potential for a memory leak, which may result in an application crash. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
btrfs: free exchange changeset on failures
Fstests runs on my VMs have show several kmemleak reports like the following.
unreferenced object 0xffff88811ae59080 (size 64):
comm "xfs_io", pid 12124, jiffies 4294987392 (age 6.368s)
hex dump (first 32 bytes):
00 c0 1c 00 00 00 00 00 ff cf 1c 00 00 00 00 00 ................
90 97 e5 1a 81 88 ff ff 90 97 e5 1a 81 88 ff ff ................
backtrace:
[<00000000ac0176d2>] ulist_add_merge+0x60/0x150 [btrfs]
[<0000000076e9f312>] set_state_bits+0x86/0xc0 [btrfs]
[<0000000014fe73d6>] set_extent_bit+0x270/0x690 [btrfs]
[<000000004f675208>] set_record_extent_bits+0x19/0x20 [btrfs]
[<00000000b96137b1>] qgroup_reserve_data+0x274/0x310 [btrfs]
[<0000000057e9dcbb>] btrfs_check_data_free_space+0x5c/0xa0 [btrfs]
[<0000000019c4511d>] btrfs_delalloc_reserve_space+0x1b/0xa0 [btrfs]
[<000000006d37e007>] btrfs_dio_iomap_begin+0x415/0x970 [btrfs]
[<00000000fb8a74b8>] iomap_iter+0x161/0x1e0
[<0000000071dff6ff>] __iomap_dio_rw+0x1df/0x700
[<000000002567ba53>] iomap_dio_rw+0x5/0x20
[<0000000072e555f8>] btrfs_file_write_iter+0x290/0x530 [btrfs]
[<000000005eb3d845>] new_sync_write+0x106/0x180
[<000000003fb505bf>] vfs_write+0x24d/0x2f0
[<000000009bb57d37>] __x64_sys_pwrite64+0x69/0xa0
[<000000003eba3fdf>] do_syscall_64+0x43/0x90
In case brtfs_qgroup_reserve_data() or btrfs_delalloc_reserve_metadata()
fail the allocated extent_changeset will not be freed.
So in btrfs_check_data_free_space() and btrfs_delalloc_reserve_space()
free the allocated extent_changeset to get rid of the allocated memory.
The issue currently only happens in the direct IO write path, but only
after 65b3c08606e5 ("btrfs: fix ENOSPC failure when attempting direct IO
write into NOCOW range"), and also at defrag_one_locked_target(). Every
other place is always calling extent_changeset_free() even if its call
to btrfs_delalloc_reserve_space() or btrfs_check_data_free_space() has
failed. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
drm/ttm: fix memleak in ttm_transfered_destroy
We need to cleanup the fences for ghost objects as well.
Bug: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=214029
Bug: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=214447 |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
HID: usbhid: free raw_report buffers in usbhid_stop
Free the unsent raw_report buffers when the device is removed.
Fixes a memory leak reported by syzbot at:
https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?id=7b4fa7cb1a7c2d3342a2a8a6c53371c8c418ab47 |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
RDMA/cma: Fix rdma_resolve_route() memory leak
Fix a memory leak when "mda_resolve_route() is called more than once on
the same "rdma_cm_id".
This is possible if cma_query_handler() triggers the
RDMA_CM_EVENT_ROUTE_ERROR flow which puts the state machine back and
allows rdma_resolve_route() to be called again. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
media: v4l2-core: explicitly clear ioctl input data
As seen from a recent syzbot bug report, mistakes in the compat ioctl
implementation can lead to uninitialized kernel stack data getting used
as input for driver ioctl handlers.
The reported bug is now fixed, but it's possible that other related
bugs are still present or get added in the future. As the drivers need
to check user input already, the possible impact is fairly low, but it
might still cause an information leak.
To be on the safe side, always clear the entire ioctl buffer before
calling the conversion handler functions that are meant to initialize
them. |
